This disertation describes the basic features of the common octopus Octopus vulgaris, its economic importance in fisheries and aquaculture, and its importance as a model in neurobiology. In order to investigate and understand the physiology of these advanced organisms at the cellular level, as well as the regulatory molecular networks, it is necessary to build good quality chromosome level genome assemblies. In the economic context, good quality genomes enable the development of future aquaculture practices and specialized selection programs. Currently, the main approach to genome assembly involves combining high-coverage short and long nucleotide sequences obtained by next-generation sequencing methods, as well as information on chromosomal conformation. The first chromosome level genome assemblie of O. vulgaris was published in 2023 and has a total of 2.8 Gb, N50 = 118.9 Mb, N90 = 18.2 Mb, with very satisfactory completeness level (BUSCO index: C: 92.3% (S:91.8%, D:0.5%), F:2.7%, M:5.0%). The octopus genome has 30 chromosomes (1n = 30). A total of 23,423 protein-coding genes were found, containing an average of 8.42 exons, and 1,849 long non-coding RNAs were also identified. Today, due to the development of next-generation sequencing methods and computational algorithms, it is possible to obtain relatively good quality genome drafts even for non-model species, and this represents the basis for performing ecological and evolutionary studies at the whole-genome level.