This thesis presents the impact of fishing on coral reefs. Coral reefs are habitats of a large number of species of fish, molluscs and crustaceans, which are an irreplaceable source of protein for the local population as well as a significant source of income due to high market values. Commercially most important are fish of the families Serranidae and Lutjanidae, and invertebrates, especially lobsters (Panulirus argus, Jasus edwardii), sea cucumbers (phylum Echinodermata), the sea snail Trochus nilocticus and the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris). Fishing on the reef is most often performed by automated or manual lines, longlines and traps, while use of bottom trawl nets is prohibited. In addition, the exploitation of coral reefs is carried out by illegal but profitable methods such as fishing with dynamite, or use of poisons such as cyanide. Fisheries controls are carried out by applying different, more or less successful measures, and proclamation of protected marine areas appears to be the most effective method for conservation and restoration of coral reefs so far. The future of coral reefs is uncertain due to a number of negative, mostly anthropogenic impacts and therefore considerable efforts will be required to ensure the long-term sustainability of these unique and rich marine communities.