DNA barcoding is a method of molecular identification of species with useful application in control of the composition and taxonomic identification of animal species in seafood products. The method is based on the analysis of a single mitochondrial locus, a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. In this study a molecular analysis of 98 fishery products from Croatian market was conducted and results revealed 26 (26.5%) cases of incorrect species declarations. Among the misidentified species, 25 (96.2%) samples belonged to vertebrates and 1 (3.8%) to invertebrates. Among the incorrectly declared vertebrate species, 13 (52%) belonged to the order Gadiformes. The identified invertebrate species in the incorrectly declared fishery product originated from the order Myopsida, family Loliginidae. In this study, for the first time, the molecular sequence of the morphologically identified species Parasquilla ferussaci (Roux, 1828) was given. The species belongs to the suborder Unipeltata, superfamily Parasquilloidea, family Parasquillidae and the genus Parasquilla. Phylogenetic analysis was performed and the evolutionary relationship of target species and others within the order Stomatopoda was shown using a phylogenetic tree. The obtained results suggest that the observed species is evolutionarily closest to the species Faughnia formosae Manning & Chan, 1997, and furthest from the species Pseudosquillopsis marmorata (Lockington, 1877).